Internet game disorder: a new nosological entity?
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the problem of addiction to new technologies has generated controversy and an important international debate. The DSM-5 incorporates in section of “Conditions for a further study”, the Internet Gaming Disorder. The aim of this article is review the current scientific literature about Internet Gaming Disorder, and to explore if the available evidence let it support this diagnosis as a new nosological entity. A brief review of the context in which this proposal emerges, the diagnostic criteria, and the controversies was performed; also, it was discussed the relevance of the validity and reliability of the diagnoses in psychiatry.Keywords:
new technologies, addiction, DSM-5, nosologyReferences
1. Young K.S. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Paper presented at: Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association; 1996; Toronto, Canada.
2. Kardefelt-Winther, D. Conceptualizing internet use disorders: addiction or coping process? Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2017 Jul. 71(7): 459-466.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC. 2000.
4. Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S. y Stein, D. J. Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 2003, 17: 207–216.
5. Chih-Hung Ko, Ju-Yu Yen, Cheng-Chung Chen, Sue-Huei Chen, and Cheng-Fang Yen. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria of Internet Addiction for Adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005, 193: 728–733.
6. Tao, R. Huang, X. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhang Y. Li M. Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction 2010 mar, 105(3): 556-64.
7. Petry N.M., Rehbein F., Gentile D.A., Lemmens J.S., Rumpf H.J., Mößle T., Bischof G., Tao R., Fung D.S., Borges G., Auriacombe M., González Ibáñez A., Tam P., O’Brien C.P. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach. Addiction 2014; 109: 1399-1406.
8. Musetti A., Cattivelli R., Giacobbi M., Zuglian P., Ceccarini M., Capelli F., Pietrabissa G. and Castelnuovo G. Challenges in Internet Addiction Disorder: Is a Diagnosis Feasible or Not? Front. Psychol. 2016, 7: 842.
9. Carbonell, X. La adicción a los videojuegos en el DSM-5, Adicciones 2014, 26(2): 91-95.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association 2013.
11. Kuss D.J., Lopez-Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World J Psychiatr 2016; 6(1): 143176.
12. Ko, C.H. Yen, J.Y. Yen, C.F. Chen, C.C. Yen, C.N. Che, S.H. Screening for Internet Addiction: An Empirical Study on Cut-off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale - Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Dec. 21(12):345-351.
13. Young, K.S. Psychology of Computer Use: XL. Addictive Use of the Internet: A Case That Breakes the Stereotype. Psychol Rep. 1996 Dec. 79(3 pt 1): 899-902.
14. Petry, N.M. Rehbein, F. Ko, C.H.. O’Brien C.P. Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5 Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015 sept. 17(9): 72.
15. Weinstein, A. Lejoyeux, M. Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use. Am J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2010 sept. 36(5): 277–283.
16. Kim, B.S. Chang, S.M. Park, J.E. Seong, S.J. Won, S.H. Cho, M.J. Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use. Psychiat Res 2016 oct. 30: 244- 249–256.
17. Petry, N.M. O’Brien C.P. Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5 Addiction, 2013 Jul. 108(7): 1186–1187.
18. Kuss, D.J. Griffiths M.D. Pontes H.M. Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. J. Behav Addict, 2017 Jun 6(2): 103-109.
19. Kardefelt-Winther, D. Meeting the unique challenges of assessing Internet Gaming Disorder. Addiction, 109(9): 1568– 1570.
20. Kardefelt-Winther, D. A critical account of DSM-5 criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder. Addiction Res. Theory, 2015 23(2): 93–98.
21. Van Rooij, A. J. Prause, N. A critical review of “Internet addiction” criteria with suggestions for the future. J. Behav Addict. 2014 Dec. 3(4): 203–213.
22. Griffiths, M. D. Van Rooij, A. KardefeltWinther, D. Starcevic, V. Király, O. Pallesen, S. Müller, K. Dreier, M. Carras, M. Prause, N. King, D. L. Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing Internet Gaming Disorder: A critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014). Addiction, 2016 Jan. 111(1): 167–175.
23. Kaptsis, D. King, DL. Delfabbro, PH. Gradisar, M. Withdrawal symptoms in internet gaming disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 43: 58–66.
24. Ko, C.H. Yen, J.Y. Chen, S.H. Wang, P.W. Chen, C.S. Yen, C.F. Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan. J. Psychiatr Res, 2014 Jun. 53: 103–110.
25. Petry, N.M. Rehbein, F. Gentile, D.A. Lemmens, J.S. Rumpf, H.J. Mößle, T. Bischof, G. Tao, R. Fung, D. Borges, G. Auriacombe, M. González Ibáñez, A. Tam P. O’Brien,CP. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM5 approach. Addiction 2014 Sept. 109(9): 1399-406.
26. Jorgenson, A.G. Hsiao, R.C. Yen, C.F. Internet Addiction and Other Behavioral Addictions. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2016 Jul. 25(3): 509-20.
27. Kim, B.S. Chang, S.M. Park, J.E. Seong, S.J. Won, S.H. Cho, M.J. Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use. Psychiatry Res. 2016 Oct. 244: 249–256.
28. Carbonell, X. Chamarro, A., Griffiths, M., Oberst, U., Cla- dellas, R. y Talarn, A. Problematic Internet and cell phone use in Spanish teenagers and young students. Anales de Psicologia, 2012 28: 789–796.
29. Strittmatter, E. Kaess, M. Parzer, P. Fischer,G. Carli, V. Hoven, C. Wasserman, C. Sarchiapone, M. Durkee, T. Apter, A. Bobes, J. Brunner, R. Cosman, D. Sisask, M. Värnik, P. Wasserman, D. Pathological Internet use among adolescents: Comparing gamers and nongamers. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Jul. 30 228(1): 128-135.
30. Craddock, N. Mynors-Wallis L. Psychiatric diagnosis: impersonal, imperfect and important. Br J Psychiatry 2014 Feb. 204(2): 93–95.
31. Robins, E. Guze, S.B. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1970, 126(7): 983–987.
32. Regier D.A, Narrow W.E, Clarke D.E, et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada: part II. Test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2013, 170(1): 59–70.
33. Ghaemi S.N. Taking disease seriously in DSM. World Psychiatry. 2013, 12(3): 210–212.
2. Kardefelt-Winther, D. Conceptualizing internet use disorders: addiction or coping process? Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2017 Jul. 71(7): 459-466.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC. 2000.
4. Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S. y Stein, D. J. Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 2003, 17: 207–216.
5. Chih-Hung Ko, Ju-Yu Yen, Cheng-Chung Chen, Sue-Huei Chen, and Cheng-Fang Yen. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria of Internet Addiction for Adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005, 193: 728–733.
6. Tao, R. Huang, X. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhang Y. Li M. Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction 2010 mar, 105(3): 556-64.
7. Petry N.M., Rehbein F., Gentile D.A., Lemmens J.S., Rumpf H.J., Mößle T., Bischof G., Tao R., Fung D.S., Borges G., Auriacombe M., González Ibáñez A., Tam P., O’Brien C.P. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach. Addiction 2014; 109: 1399-1406.
8. Musetti A., Cattivelli R., Giacobbi M., Zuglian P., Ceccarini M., Capelli F., Pietrabissa G. and Castelnuovo G. Challenges in Internet Addiction Disorder: Is a Diagnosis Feasible or Not? Front. Psychol. 2016, 7: 842.
9. Carbonell, X. La adicción a los videojuegos en el DSM-5, Adicciones 2014, 26(2): 91-95.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association 2013.
11. Kuss D.J., Lopez-Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World J Psychiatr 2016; 6(1): 143176.
12. Ko, C.H. Yen, J.Y. Yen, C.F. Chen, C.C. Yen, C.N. Che, S.H. Screening for Internet Addiction: An Empirical Study on Cut-off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale - Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Dec. 21(12):345-351.
13. Young, K.S. Psychology of Computer Use: XL. Addictive Use of the Internet: A Case That Breakes the Stereotype. Psychol Rep. 1996 Dec. 79(3 pt 1): 899-902.
14. Petry, N.M. Rehbein, F. Ko, C.H.. O’Brien C.P. Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5 Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015 sept. 17(9): 72.
15. Weinstein, A. Lejoyeux, M. Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use. Am J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2010 sept. 36(5): 277–283.
16. Kim, B.S. Chang, S.M. Park, J.E. Seong, S.J. Won, S.H. Cho, M.J. Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use. Psychiat Res 2016 oct. 30: 244- 249–256.
17. Petry, N.M. O’Brien C.P. Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5 Addiction, 2013 Jul. 108(7): 1186–1187.
18. Kuss, D.J. Griffiths M.D. Pontes H.M. Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. J. Behav Addict, 2017 Jun 6(2): 103-109.
19. Kardefelt-Winther, D. Meeting the unique challenges of assessing Internet Gaming Disorder. Addiction, 109(9): 1568– 1570.
20. Kardefelt-Winther, D. A critical account of DSM-5 criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder. Addiction Res. Theory, 2015 23(2): 93–98.
21. Van Rooij, A. J. Prause, N. A critical review of “Internet addiction” criteria with suggestions for the future. J. Behav Addict. 2014 Dec. 3(4): 203–213.
22. Griffiths, M. D. Van Rooij, A. KardefeltWinther, D. Starcevic, V. Király, O. Pallesen, S. Müller, K. Dreier, M. Carras, M. Prause, N. King, D. L. Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing Internet Gaming Disorder: A critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014). Addiction, 2016 Jan. 111(1): 167–175.
23. Kaptsis, D. King, DL. Delfabbro, PH. Gradisar, M. Withdrawal symptoms in internet gaming disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 43: 58–66.
24. Ko, C.H. Yen, J.Y. Chen, S.H. Wang, P.W. Chen, C.S. Yen, C.F. Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan. J. Psychiatr Res, 2014 Jun. 53: 103–110.
25. Petry, N.M. Rehbein, F. Gentile, D.A. Lemmens, J.S. Rumpf, H.J. Mößle, T. Bischof, G. Tao, R. Fung, D. Borges, G. Auriacombe, M. González Ibáñez, A. Tam P. O’Brien,CP. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM5 approach. Addiction 2014 Sept. 109(9): 1399-406.
26. Jorgenson, A.G. Hsiao, R.C. Yen, C.F. Internet Addiction and Other Behavioral Addictions. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2016 Jul. 25(3): 509-20.
27. Kim, B.S. Chang, S.M. Park, J.E. Seong, S.J. Won, S.H. Cho, M.J. Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use. Psychiatry Res. 2016 Oct. 244: 249–256.
28. Carbonell, X. Chamarro, A., Griffiths, M., Oberst, U., Cla- dellas, R. y Talarn, A. Problematic Internet and cell phone use in Spanish teenagers and young students. Anales de Psicologia, 2012 28: 789–796.
29. Strittmatter, E. Kaess, M. Parzer, P. Fischer,G. Carli, V. Hoven, C. Wasserman, C. Sarchiapone, M. Durkee, T. Apter, A. Bobes, J. Brunner, R. Cosman, D. Sisask, M. Värnik, P. Wasserman, D. Pathological Internet use among adolescents: Comparing gamers and nongamers. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Jul. 30 228(1): 128-135.
30. Craddock, N. Mynors-Wallis L. Psychiatric diagnosis: impersonal, imperfect and important. Br J Psychiatry 2014 Feb. 204(2): 93–95.
31. Robins, E. Guze, S.B. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1970, 126(7): 983–987.
32. Regier D.A, Narrow W.E, Clarke D.E, et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada: part II. Test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2013, 170(1): 59–70.
33. Ghaemi S.N. Taking disease seriously in DSM. World Psychiatry. 2013, 12(3): 210–212.
