Resisting ‘Peripheral Debt Systems’: Housing Movements against Financialization in Chile
Autores
-
Fernando Toro
Universidad de Chile
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-374X
-
Gabriela Sánchez
Consultora independiente
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-9848
Resumo
In the context of the financialization of housing and everyday life, mortgage credits and other forms of indebtedness have become key factors. Recent studies have explored the idea of debt as power relations mainly in the Global North. Through mixed methods, this article examines the notion of debt systems in emerging capitalist economies, and illustrates how housing movements and people without access to formal credits are organising themselves. A thematic analysis from both in-depth interviews with representatives of three housing movements, and data from Chilean national financial surveys, reveals three main results: the interplay of different forms of debt to form a ‘peripheral debt system’; the need to explore the formation of gender and racial inequalities under financialization; and how individual struggles are replaced by collective responses and solidarity from both financial and emotional dimensions. The authors call for a more grounded analysis of debt in order to examine marginalised groups and heterogeneous types of indebtedness on the periphery and to trace further comparisons with other housing movements globally in the context of financialization.Palavras-chave:
debt, financialization of housing, housing movements, peripheral debt systems, peripheral financializationReferências
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Fields, D. (2015). Contesting the financialization of urban space: Community organizations and the struggle to preserve affordable rental housing in New York city. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(2), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12098
______ (2017). Urban struggles with financialization. Geography Compass, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12334
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Kaltenbrunner, A. & Painceira, J. P. (2016). International and domestic financialisation in middle income countries: The Brazilian case. FESSUD Working Paper 146.
______ (2018). Financierización en América Latina: implicancias de la integración financiera subordinada. In M. Abeles, E. P. Caldentey, & S. Valdecantos (Eds.), Estudios sobre finenciarización en América Latina (pp. 33-61). CEPAL.
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Kohl, S. (2018). More mortgages, more homes? The effect of housing financialization on homeownership in historical perspective. Politics & Society, 46(2), 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218755750
Lai, K. P. Y. (2018). Financialisation of everyday life. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldmann, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wojcik, (Eds.), The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (pp. 611- 627). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.001.0001
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______ (2008). The everyday life of global finance: Saving and borrowing in anglo-America. Oxford University Press.
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Alarcón, A., Demaestri, E., & Piedrabuena, B. (2014). Financiamiento de la vivienda en Chile. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Allami, C. & Cibils, A. (2017). Financiarización en la periferia latinoamericana: Deuda, commodities y acumulación de reservas. Revista Estado y Políticas Públicas, (8), 81-101.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
August, M. & Walks, A. (2018). Gentrification, suburban decline, and the financialization of multi-family rental housing: The case of Toronto, Geoforum, 89, 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.04.011
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______ (2014). Encuesta financiera de hogares 2014. Autor. https://www.efhweb.cl/ES/EFH/EncuestaAnterior/2014
______ (2017). Encuesta financiera de hogares 2017. Autor. https://www.efhweb.cl/ES/EFH/
______ (2020). Informe de cuentas nacionales de Chile primer trimestre de 2020. Autor. https://www.bcentral.cl/en/web/banco-central/content/-/detalle/informe-de-cuentas-nacionales-de-chile-primer-trimestre-de-2020
Berstein, S. & Marcel, M. (2019). Sistema financiero en Chile: lecciones de la historia reciente. Banco Central de Chile.
Bond, P. & Tshimomola, G. (2019). Dialectics of neoliberal monetary management and social resistance in Zimbabwe [Conference presentation]. Financialization and Development in the Global South, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Bonizzi, B. (2013). Financialization in developing and emerging countries. International Journal of Political Economy, 42(4), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.2753/IJP0891-1916420405
Bonizzi, B., Kaltenbrunner, A., & Powell, J. (2019). Subordinate financialization in emerging capitalist economies. University of Greenwich. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189394133.pdf
Bortz, P. & Kaltenbrunner, A. (2017). The international dimension of financialization in developing and emerging economies, Development and Change, 49(2), 375-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12371
Caldeira, T. P. (2017). Peripheral urbanization: Autoconstruction, transversal logics, and politics in cities of the global south. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 35(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775816658479
Cavallero, L. & Gago, V. (2019). Una lectura feminista de la deuda. Fundación Rosa Luxemburgo.
Coppock, S. (2013). The everyday geographies of financialisation: impacts, subjects and alternatives. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 6(3), 479-500. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rst012
Deere, C. D. & Leon, M. (2014). The importance of gender and property. In C. D. Deere & M. Leon, (Eds.) Empowering women: Land and property rights in Latin America, (pp. 1-31). University of Pittsburgh Press.
Dos Santos, P. L. (2013). A cause for policy concern: The expansion of household credit in middle-income economies. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(3), 316– 38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2012.721755
Ducci, M. E. (1994). Políticas de vivienda y mujer. EURE, 20(59), 73-91.
European Action Coalition. (2018). Housing financialization: Trends, actors and processes. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
Farha, L. (2017). Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/34/51
Fernández, R. & Aalbers, M. B. (2019). Housing financialization in the global south: In search of a comparative framework. Housing Policy Debate, 30(4), 680-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2019.1681491
Fields, D. (2015). Contesting the financialization of urban space: Community organizations and the struggle to preserve affordable rental housing in New York city. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(2), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12098
______ (2017). Urban struggles with financialization. Geography Compass, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12334
García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Housing dispossession and (re)surging rents in Barcelona: Financialised housing 2.0? [Conference presentation]. Finance, Crisis and the City: Global Urbanism and the Great Recession Conference, Villa La Pietra, NYU Florence, Italy.
García-Lamarca, M. & Kaika, M. (2016). Mortgaged lives: the biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions, 41(3), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126
Gilbert, A. (2004). Helping the poor through housing subsidies: lessons from Chile, Colombia and South Africa. Habitat International, 28(1), 3-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(02)00070-X
Goldman, M. (2021). Speculative urbanism and the urban-financial conjuncture: interrogating the afterlives of the financial crisis. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X211016003
González, F. (2018). Crédito, deuda y gubernamentalidad financiera en Chile. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 80(4), 881-908.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of. Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
Hillig, A. (2019). Everyday financialization: The case of UK households. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(7), 1460–1478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19843920
Institute of International Finance. (2020). Global debt monitor sharp spike in debt ratios. Author.
Kaltenbrunner, A. & Painceira, J. P. (2016). International and domestic financialisation in middle income countries: The Brazilian case. FESSUD Working Paper 146.
______ (2018). Financierización en América Latina: implicancias de la integración financiera subordinada. In M. Abeles, E. P. Caldentey, & S. Valdecantos (Eds.), Estudios sobre finenciarización en América Latina (pp. 33-61). CEPAL.
Karacimen, E. (2016). Consumer credit as an aspect of everyday life of workers in developing countries: Evidence from Turkey, Review of Radical Political Economics, 48(2), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613415591806
Kohl, S. (2018). More mortgages, more homes? The effect of housing financialization on homeownership in historical perspective. Politics & Society, 46(2), 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218755750
Lai, K. P. Y. (2018). Financialisation of everyday life. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldmann, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wojcik, (Eds.), The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (pp. 611- 627). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.001.0001
Langley, P. (2006). The making of investor subjects in Anglo-American Pensions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(6), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1068/d405t
______ (2008). The everyday life of global finance: Saving and borrowing in anglo-America. Oxford University Press.
Lapavitsas, C. (2013). The financialization of capitalism: ‘Profiting without producing’. City, 17(6), 792-805. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2013.853865
Levy-Orlik, N. (2013). Financialization and economic growth in developing countries. International Journal of Political Economy, 42(4), 108-127. https://doi.org/10.2753/IJP0891-1916420406
Marcuse, P. & Madden, D. J. (2016). In defense of housing: The politics of crisis. Verso Books.
Martin, R. (2002). Financialization of daily life. Temple University Press.
Miotti, L. E. (2018). ¿Existe un régimen de acumulación financiarizado en América Latina? Un análisis desde la escuela de la regulación. In: M. Abeles, E. P. Caldentey & S. Valdecantos (Eds.), Estudios sobre financierizacion en America Latina (pp. 69-93). CEPAL.
Moraga, F., A. Sepúlveda, K., Zenteno-Torres, E., Luneke, A., & Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2021, June 19). Cuidadoras, trabajadoras y dirigentes: El creciente rol de las mujeres en las poblaciones emblemáticas. CIPER. https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/06/19/cuidadoras-trabajadoras-y-dirigentes-el-creciente-rol-de-las-mujeres-en-las-poblaciones-emblematicas/
O’Callaghan, C., Di Feliciantonio, C., & Byrne, M. (2018). Governing urban vacancy in post-crash Dublin: Contested property and alternative social projects. Urban Geography, 39(6), 868–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1405688
Paez, A. (2020, August 3). La resistencia de un pueblo endeudado. La diaria. https://ladiaria.com.uy/chile/articulo/2020/8/la-resistencia-de-un-pueblo-endeudado
Palma, J. G. (2009). The revenge of the market on the rentiers. Why neo-liberal reports of the end of history turn out to be premature. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), 829– 69. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep037
Pellandini-Simanyi, L., Hammer, F., & Vargha, Z. (2015). The financialization of everyday life or the domestication of finance? Cultural Studies, 29(5-6), 733-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2015.1017142
Pérez, M. (2019). El derecho a la vida digna: luchas por la vivienda y vida cotidiana en Santiago de Chile, Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena, 51(3), 497-508. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-73562019005001304
Pérez-Roa, L. & Donoso-Bravo, J. (2018). Redes sociales de intercambio y de pago de deudas en parejas jóvenes profesionales endeudadas de Santiago de Chile. Intervención, 8(2), 23-38.
Powell, J. (2013). Subordinate financialisation: a study of Mexico and its non- financial corporations. (PhD dissertation, SOAS, University of London).
Reyes, A. (2020). Mexico’s housing paradox: Tensions between financialization and access. Housing Policy Debate, 30(40), 486-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2019.1709879
Roberts, A. (2016). Household debt and the financialization of social reproduction: Theorizing the UK housing and hunger crises. Research in Political Economy, 31, 135-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0161-723020160000031009
Rodó, A. (1991). Reflexiones en torno a los procesos formativos con mujeres urbano populares. Programa de la Mujer. SUR.
Rolnik, R. (2013). Late neoliberalism: the financialization of homeownership and housing rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12062
______ (2019). Urban warfare. Verso Books.
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