Place attachment: a psycho-environmental approach to affective attachment to the environment in residential habitat reconstruction processes
Abstract
Urban studies focused on spatial transformation processes have paid little attention to the emotional relationships between people and their transformed environments. Given its ambiguous definitions and concepts, this phenomenon has not been properly understood. Environmental psychology has thoroughly studied the individual-environment relationship through the analysis of the emotional attachment to a specific place. The present paper describes three possible approaches used by this discipline to study the subject-environment relationship: the analysis of the emotional affinity to places; the identification of the social meanings that create emotional attachment to spaces; and the exploration of the material practices that enable the creation and generation of feelings associated with places. Each approach is described and complemented with the outcomes of a research on the sociospatial relationships generated in four cases of socio-natural disasters in Chile. Finally, this paper considers the potential practices offered by emotional attachment in the reconstruction of residential habitat.References
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Berroeta, H., Carvalho, L., y Di Masso, A. (2016). Significados del espacio público en contextos de transformación por desastres socionaturales. Revista INVI, 31(87), 143-170. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582016000200005.
Berroeta, H., Ramoneda, A., y Opazo, L. (2015). Sentido de comunidad, participación y apego al lugar en comunidades desplazadas y no desplazadas post desastres: Chaitén y Constitución. Universitas Psychologica, 14(4), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.up14-4.scpa
Blunt, A., y Dowling, R. (2006). Home. London: Routledge.
Bonaiuto, M., y Bonnes, M. (2000). Social-psychological approaches in environment- behaviour studies. Identity theory and the discursive approach. En: S. Wapner, J. Demick, T. Yamamoto y H. Minami (Eds.). Theoretical perspectives in environment-behaviour research (pp. 67-78). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Bondi, L., Davidson, J., y Smith, M. (2007). Introduction: Geography’s “Emotional Turn”. En Davidson, J., Smith, M. y Bondi, L. (Eds.), Emotional geographies (pp. 1-18). Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Brain, I., Prieto, J., y Sabatini, F. (2010). Vivir en campamentos: ¿camino hacia la vivienda formal o estrategia de localización para enfrentar la vulnerabilidad? Eure Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 36(109), 111-141. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300005.
Brown, B., y Perkins, D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. En: I. Altman y S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 279-304). London: Plenum Press.
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L.G., y Stone, A.M. (1992). Public space. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carvalho, L., y Cornejo, M. (2017). Por una aproximación crítica al apego al lugar: una revisión en contextos de vulneración del derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Manuscrito sometido para publicación.
Chardon, A.C. (2010). Reasentar un hábitat vulnerable: Teoría versus praxis. Revista Invi, 25(70), 17-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582010000300002.
Cornejo, M., Mendoza, F., y Rojas, R. (2008). La investigación con relatos de vida: pistas y opciones del diseño metodológico. Psykhe, 17(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282008000100004.
Devine-Wright, P, y Lyons, E. (1997). Remembering pasts and representing places: the construction of national identities in Ireland. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0037.
Di Masso, A., y Dixon, J. (2015). More than words: place attachment and struggle over public space in Barcelona. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2014.958387.
Di Masso, A., Dixon, J., y Durrheim, K. (2014). Place attachment as discursive practice. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 75-86). New York: Routledge.
Dixon, J., y Durrheim, K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276090.
Ducci, M.E. (1997). Chile: el lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. Eure Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 23(69), 99-115.
Fried, M. (1963). Grieving for a lost home. En L. Duhl (Ed.), The urban condition (pp. 151-171). New York: Basic Books.
Fullilove, M. (2014). “The frayed knot”: What happens to place attachment in the context of serial forced displacement? En: L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 141-153). New York: Routledge.
______ (1996). Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1516-1523. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.12.1516.
Gifford, R. (2014). Environmental psychology matters. Annual review of psychology, 65, 541-579. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115048.
Giuliani, M. (2003). Theory of attachment and place attachment. En M. Bonnes, T. Lee y M. Bonaiuto. Psychological theories for environmental issues (pp. 137-170). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Hester, R. (2014). Do not detach! instructions from and for community design. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 191-206). New York: Routledge.
Hidalgo, M., y Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221.
Johnson, C. (2010). Understanding why relocation is not a good answer for forced eviction. En: Y. Cabannes, S. Guimaraes y C. Johnson (Eds.), How people face evictions (pp. 109-111). Londres: Development Planning Unit, University College of London.
Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.004.
______ (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001.
Low, S. (1992). Symbolic ties that bind: Place attachment in the plaza. En I. Altman y S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment human behavior and environment (pp. 165-184). New York: Plenum Press.
Manzo, L. (2003). Beyond house and haven: Toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00074-9.
Manzo, L. (2014). Exploring the Shadow Side. Place Attachment in the Context of Stigma, Displacement, and Social Housing. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 178-190). New York: Routledge.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2007). Carta enviada a deudores del Cerro O’Higgins, Constitución. Recuperado de: http://www.elamaule.cl/sites/elamaule.cl/files/carta_ministerio_de_vivienda.pdf.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2010). Plan de reconstrucción del borde costero, plan maestro Dichato. Recuperado de: http://www.minvu.cl/incj/download.aspx?glb_cod_nodo=20101207193158&hdd_nom_archivo=PRBC%20Dichato.pdf.
Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública (s.f.). Diagnóstico estado de la reconstrucción erupción volcán Chaitén 2 de mayo de 2008. Recuperado de: http://www.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Chaiten_V5.pdf.
Mora, P., Sabatini, F., Fulgueiras, M., e Innocenti, D. (2014). Disyuntivas en la política habitacional chilena. Notas Públicas, (3).
Morales Martínez, R., Besoain Arrau, C., Soto Morales, A., Carvalho, L., Hidalgo Pino, K., Fernández Posada, I., y Bernal Santibáñez, V. (2017). Retorno al campamento: resistencia y melancolía en los márgenes de la ciudad formal. Revista INVI, 32(90), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582017000200051.
Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., y Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(4), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002.
Relph, T. (1977). Humanism, phenomenology, and geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 67(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01129.x.
Rodríguez, A., y Sugranyes, A. (2004). El problema de vivienda de los “con techo.” Eure - Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 30(91), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004009100004.
Scannell, L., y Gifford, R. (2010a). The relations between natural and civil place attachment and proenviromental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.010.
______ (2010b). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006.
Seamon, D. (2014). Place attachment and phenomenology: the synergistic dynamism of place. En: L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp.11-22). New York: Routledge.
Siclari, P. (2012). Política habitacional chilena hoy: advertencias para la réplica latinoamericana. Revista NAU Social, 3(4), 201-223.
Spencer, C. (2005). Place attachment, place identity and the development of the child’s self-identity: searching the literature to develop a hypothesis. International Research in Geographical & Environmental Education, 14(4), 305-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382040508668363.
Stedman, R. (2003). Is it really just a social construction? The contribution of the physical environment to sense of place. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 16(8), 671-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920309189.
Stokols, D., y Shumaker, S. (1981). People in places: a transactional view of settings. En: J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behaviour, and the environment (pp. 441-488). New Jersey: Lawrence Elrbaum Associates.
Strauss, A.L., y Corbin, J. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.
Tironi, M. (2004). El lugar de la pobreza. Características, cambios y escalas. Centro de Investigación Social (CIS), (4), 22-29.
Tuan, Y.F. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Berroeta, H., Carvalho, L., y Di Masso, A. (2016). Significados del espacio público en contextos de transformación por desastres socionaturales. Revista INVI, 31(87), 143-170. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582016000200005.
Berroeta, H., Ramoneda, A., y Opazo, L. (2015). Sentido de comunidad, participación y apego al lugar en comunidades desplazadas y no desplazadas post desastres: Chaitén y Constitución. Universitas Psychologica, 14(4), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.up14-4.scpa
Blunt, A., y Dowling, R. (2006). Home. London: Routledge.
Bonaiuto, M., y Bonnes, M. (2000). Social-psychological approaches in environment- behaviour studies. Identity theory and the discursive approach. En: S. Wapner, J. Demick, T. Yamamoto y H. Minami (Eds.). Theoretical perspectives in environment-behaviour research (pp. 67-78). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Bondi, L., Davidson, J., y Smith, M. (2007). Introduction: Geography’s “Emotional Turn”. En Davidson, J., Smith, M. y Bondi, L. (Eds.), Emotional geographies (pp. 1-18). Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Brain, I., Prieto, J., y Sabatini, F. (2010). Vivir en campamentos: ¿camino hacia la vivienda formal o estrategia de localización para enfrentar la vulnerabilidad? Eure Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 36(109), 111-141. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300005.
Brown, B., y Perkins, D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. En: I. Altman y S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 279-304). London: Plenum Press.
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L.G., y Stone, A.M. (1992). Public space. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carvalho, L., y Cornejo, M. (2017). Por una aproximación crítica al apego al lugar: una revisión en contextos de vulneración del derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Manuscrito sometido para publicación.
Chardon, A.C. (2010). Reasentar un hábitat vulnerable: Teoría versus praxis. Revista Invi, 25(70), 17-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582010000300002.
Cornejo, M., Mendoza, F., y Rojas, R. (2008). La investigación con relatos de vida: pistas y opciones del diseño metodológico. Psykhe, 17(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282008000100004.
Devine-Wright, P, y Lyons, E. (1997). Remembering pasts and representing places: the construction of national identities in Ireland. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0037.
Di Masso, A., y Dixon, J. (2015). More than words: place attachment and struggle over public space in Barcelona. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2014.958387.
Di Masso, A., Dixon, J., y Durrheim, K. (2014). Place attachment as discursive practice. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 75-86). New York: Routledge.
Dixon, J., y Durrheim, K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276090.
Ducci, M.E. (1997). Chile: el lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. Eure Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 23(69), 99-115.
Fried, M. (1963). Grieving for a lost home. En L. Duhl (Ed.), The urban condition (pp. 151-171). New York: Basic Books.
Fullilove, M. (2014). “The frayed knot”: What happens to place attachment in the context of serial forced displacement? En: L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 141-153). New York: Routledge.
______ (1996). Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1516-1523. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.12.1516.
Gifford, R. (2014). Environmental psychology matters. Annual review of psychology, 65, 541-579. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115048.
Giuliani, M. (2003). Theory of attachment and place attachment. En M. Bonnes, T. Lee y M. Bonaiuto. Psychological theories for environmental issues (pp. 137-170). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Hester, R. (2014). Do not detach! instructions from and for community design. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 191-206). New York: Routledge.
Hidalgo, M., y Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221.
Johnson, C. (2010). Understanding why relocation is not a good answer for forced eviction. En: Y. Cabannes, S. Guimaraes y C. Johnson (Eds.), How people face evictions (pp. 109-111). Londres: Development Planning Unit, University College of London.
Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.004.
______ (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001.
Low, S. (1992). Symbolic ties that bind: Place attachment in the plaza. En I. Altman y S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment human behavior and environment (pp. 165-184). New York: Plenum Press.
Manzo, L. (2003). Beyond house and haven: Toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00074-9.
Manzo, L. (2014). Exploring the Shadow Side. Place Attachment in the Context of Stigma, Displacement, and Social Housing. En L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 178-190). New York: Routledge.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2007). Carta enviada a deudores del Cerro O’Higgins, Constitución. Recuperado de: http://www.elamaule.cl/sites/elamaule.cl/files/carta_ministerio_de_vivienda.pdf.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2010). Plan de reconstrucción del borde costero, plan maestro Dichato. Recuperado de: http://www.minvu.cl/incj/download.aspx?glb_cod_nodo=20101207193158&hdd_nom_archivo=PRBC%20Dichato.pdf.
Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública (s.f.). Diagnóstico estado de la reconstrucción erupción volcán Chaitén 2 de mayo de 2008. Recuperado de: http://www.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Chaiten_V5.pdf.
Mora, P., Sabatini, F., Fulgueiras, M., e Innocenti, D. (2014). Disyuntivas en la política habitacional chilena. Notas Públicas, (3).
Morales Martínez, R., Besoain Arrau, C., Soto Morales, A., Carvalho, L., Hidalgo Pino, K., Fernández Posada, I., y Bernal Santibáñez, V. (2017). Retorno al campamento: resistencia y melancolía en los márgenes de la ciudad formal. Revista INVI, 32(90), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582017000200051.
Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., y Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(4), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002.
Relph, T. (1977). Humanism, phenomenology, and geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 67(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01129.x.
Rodríguez, A., y Sugranyes, A. (2004). El problema de vivienda de los “con techo.” Eure - Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 30(91), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004009100004.
Scannell, L., y Gifford, R. (2010a). The relations between natural and civil place attachment and proenviromental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.010.
______ (2010b). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006.
Seamon, D. (2014). Place attachment and phenomenology: the synergistic dynamism of place. En: L. Manzo y P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp.11-22). New York: Routledge.
Siclari, P. (2012). Política habitacional chilena hoy: advertencias para la réplica latinoamericana. Revista NAU Social, 3(4), 201-223.
Spencer, C. (2005). Place attachment, place identity and the development of the child’s self-identity: searching the literature to develop a hypothesis. International Research in Geographical & Environmental Education, 14(4), 305-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382040508668363.
Stedman, R. (2003). Is it really just a social construction? The contribution of the physical environment to sense of place. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 16(8), 671-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920309189.
Stokols, D., y Shumaker, S. (1981). People in places: a transactional view of settings. En: J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behaviour, and the environment (pp. 441-488). New Jersey: Lawrence Elrbaum Associates.
Strauss, A.L., y Corbin, J. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.
Tironi, M. (2004). El lugar de la pobreza. Características, cambios y escalas. Centro de Investigación Social (CIS), (4), 22-29.
Tuan, Y.F. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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